collapseos/doc/dict.txt

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# Dictionary
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List of words defined in arch-specific boot code (for example,
B280 for Z80), Core words (B350) and Extra words (B150).
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# Glossary
Stack notation: "<stack before> -- <stack after>". Rightmost is
top of stack (TOS). For example, in "a b -- c d", b is TOS
before, d is TOS after. "R:" means that the Return Stack is
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modified.
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Word references (wordref): When we say we have a "word
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reference", it's a pointer to a word's *entry type field*. For
example, the address that "' DUP" puts on the stack is a
wordref, that is, a reference to the entry type field of the
word DUP. See impl.txt for details.
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PF: Parameter field. The area following the entry type field of
a word. For example, "' H@ 1+" points to the PF of the word H@.
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Words between "()" are "support words" that aren't really meant
to be used directly, but as part of another word.
"*I*" in description indicates an IMMEDIATE word.
# Symbols
Throughout words, different symbols are used in different
contexts, but we try to been consistent in their use. Here's
their definitions:
! - Store
@ - Fetch
$ - Initialize
^ - Arguments in their opposite order
< - Input
> - 1. Pointer in a buffer 2. Opposite of "<".
( - Lower boundary
) - Upper boundary
* - Word indirection (pointer to word)
? - Is it ...? (example: IMMED?)
# Entry management
'? x -- a f Find x it in dict. If found, f=1 and
a = wordref. If not found, f=0 and
a = string addr.
' x -- a Push addr of word x to a. If not found,
aborts.
['] x -- *I* Like "'", but spits the addr as a number
literal. If not found, aborts.
, n -- Write n in HERE and advance it.
ALLOT n -- Move HERE by n bytes
C, b -- Write byte b in HERE and advance it.
FIND w -- a f Like '?, but for w.
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EMPTY -- Rewind HERE and CURRENT where they were at
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system initialization.
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FORGET x -- Rewind the dictionary (both CURRENT and HERE)
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up to x's previous entry.
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PREV a -- a Return a wordref's previous entry.
WORD( a -- a Get wordref's beginning addr.
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# Defining words
: x ... ; -- Define a new word
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CREATE x -- Create cell named x. Doesn't allocate a PF.
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[COMPILE] x -- *I* Compile word x and write it to HERE.
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IMMEDIATE words are *not* executed.
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COMPILE x -- *I* Meta compiles: write wordrefs that will
compile x when executed.
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CONSTANT x n -- Creates cell x that when called pushes its
value.
DOES> -- See primer.txt
IMMED? a -- f Checks whether wordref at a is immediate.
IMMEDIATE -- Flag the latest defined word as immediate.
LITN n -- Write number n as a literal.
VARIABLE c -- Creates cell x with 2 bytes allocation.
# Flow
Note that flow words can only be used in definitions. In the
INTERPRET loop, they don't have the desired effect because each
word from the input stream is executed immediately. In this
context, branching doesn't work.
f IF A ELSE B THEN: if f is true, execute A, if false, execute
B. ELSE is optional.
[IF] .. [THEN]: Meta-IF. Works outside definitions. No [ELSE].
BEGIN .. f UNTIL: if f is false, branch to BEGIN.
BEGIN .. AGAIN: Always branch to BEGIN.
x y DO .. LOOP: LOOP increments y. if y != x, branch to DO.
x CASE y OF A ENDOF z OF B ENDOF C ENDCASE: If x == y, execute
A, if x == z, execute B. Otherwise, execute C. x is dropped
in case of an OF match, *but it is kept if it reaches C*. You
have to consume it to avoid PSP leak.
(br) -- Branches by the number specified in the 2
following bytes. Can be negative.
(?br) f -- Branch if f is false.
( -- *I* Comment. Ignore input until ")" is read.
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[ -- *I* Begin interpretative mode. In a definition,
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execute words instead of compiling them.
] -- End interpretative mode.
ABORT -- Resets PS and RS and returns to interpreter.
ABORT" x" -- *I* Compiles a ." followed by a ABORT.
ERR a -- Prints a and ABORT. Defined early and used by
drivers.
EXECUTE a -- Execute wordref at addr a
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INTERPRET -- Main interpret loop.
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LEAVE -- In a DO..LOOP, exit at the next LOOP call.
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QUIT -- Return to interpreter prompt immediately.
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# Parameter Stack
DROP a --
DUP a -- a a
?DUP DUP if a is nonzero
NIP a b -- b
OVER a b -- a b a
ROT a b c -- b c a
SWAP a b -- b a
TUCK a b -- b a b
2DROP a a --
2DUP a b -- a b a b
2OVER a b c d -- a b c d a b
2SWAP a b c d -- c d a b
'S Returns current stack pointer, not counting the
push it's making right now.
S0 Returns address of PSP TOS. When PSP is empty,
'S == S0
PICK Pick nth item from stack. "0 PICK" = DUP,
"1 PICK" = OVER.
ROLL Rotate PSP over n items. "1 ROLL" = SWAP,
"2 ROLL" = ROT. 0 is noop.
# Return Stack
>R n -- R:n Pops PS and push to RS
2>R x y -- R:x y Equivalent to SWAP >R >R
R> R:n -- n Pops RS and push to PS
2R> R:x y -- x y Equivalent to R> R> SWAP
I -- n Copy RS TOS to PS
I' -- n Copy RS second item to PS
J -- n Copy RS third item to PS
# Memory
@ a -- n Set n to value at address a
! n a -- Store n in address a
? a -- Print value of addr a
+! n a -- Increase value of addr a by n
BIT@ b a -- f Get bit b from addr a.
BIT! f b a -- Set bit b to f in addr a.
C@ a -- c Set c to byte at address a
C@+ a -- a+1 c Fetch c from a and inc a.
C@- a -- a-1 c Fetch c from a and dec a.
C! c a -- Store byte c in address a
C!+ c a -- a+1 Store byte c in a and inc a.
C!- c a -- a-1 Store byte c in a and dec a.
CURRENT -- a Set a to wordref of last added entry.
CURRENT* -- a A pointer to active CURRENT*. Useful
when we have multiple active dicts.
FILL a n b -- Fill n bytes at addr a with val b.
HERE -- a Push HERE's address
H@ -- a HERE @
MOVE a1 a2 u -- Copy u bytes from a1 to a2, starting
with a1, going up.
MOVE- a1 a2 u -- Copy u bytes from a1 to a2, starting
with a1+u, going down.
MOVE, a u -- Copy u bytes from a to HERE.
# Addressed devices
ADEV$ -- Initialize adev subsystem
A@ a -- c Indirect C@
A! c a -- Indirect C!
A@* -- a Address for A@ word
A!* -- a Address for A! word
AMOVE src dst u -- Same as MOVE, but with A@ and A!
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AMOVEW src dst u -- Same as AMOVE, but with words
AMOVEW notes: this word's purpose is to interface with word-
based systems. src and dst are addressed as *bytes* but u is a
*word* count. Every iteration increases src and dst by 2. When
you use it, be aware that default values for A!* and A@* are C!
and C@. If you don't adjust before using AMOVEW, you will get
weird results.
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# Arithmetic / Bits
+ a b -- c a + b -> c
- a b -- c a - b -> c
-^ a b -- c b - a -> c
* a b -- c a * b -> c
/ a b -- c a / b -> c
MOD a b -- c a % b -> c
/MOD a b -- r q r:remainder q:quotient
AND a b -- c a & b -> c
OR a b -- c a | b -> c
XOR a b -- c a ^ b -> c
LSHIFT a u -- c a << u -> c
RSHIFT a u -- c a >> u -> c
Shortcuts: 1+ 2+ 1- 2-
# Logic
= n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 == n2
< n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 < n2
> n1 n2 -- f Push true if n1 > n2
>< n l h -- f Push true if l < n < h
=><= n l h -- f Push true if l <= n <= h
CMP n1 n2 -- n Compare n1 and n2 and set n to -1, 0, or 1.
n=0: a1=a2. n=1: a1>a2. n=-1: a1<a2.
MIN a b -- n Returns the lowest of a and b
MAX a b -- n Returns the highest of a and b
NOT f -- f Push the logical opposite of f
# Strings
LIT" x" -- Read following characters and write to HERE
as a string literal.
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S= a1 a2 -- f Returns whether string a1 == a2.
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# I/O
(parse) a -- n Parses string at a as a number and push the
result in n as well as whether parsing was a
success in f (false = failure, true =
success)
(print) a -- Print string at addr a. Stops at 0x0 or 0xd.
. n -- Print n in its decimal form
.x n -- Print n's LSB in hex form. Always 2
characters.
.X n -- Print n in hex form. Always 4 characters.
Numbers are never considered negative.
"-1 .X" --> ffff
," xxx" -- Write xxx to HERE
." xxx" -- *I* Compiles string literal xxx followed by a
call to (print).
C<? -- f Returns whether there's a char waiting in buf.
C< -- c Read one char from buffered input.
DUMP n a -- Prints n bytes at addr a in a hexdump format.
Prints in chunks of 8 bytes. Doesn't do partial
lines. Output is designed to fit in 32 columns.
EMIT c -- Spit char c to output stream
IN> -- a Address of variable containing current pos in
input buffer.
KEY -- c Get char c from direct input
PC! c a -- Spit c to port a
PC@ a -- c Fetch c from port a
WORD -- a Read one word from buffered input and push its
addr. Always null terminated. If ASCII EOT is
encountered, a will point to it (it is cons-
idered a word).
There are also ascii const emitters:
BS CR LF SPC CRLF
NL is an indirect word (see SYSVARS in impl.txt) that aliases to
CRLF by default and that should generally be used when we want
to emit a newline.
# Disk
BLK> -- a Address of the current block variable.
BLK( -- a Beginning addr of blk buf.
BLK) -- a Ending addr of blk buf.
COPY s d -- Copy contents of s block to d block.
FLUSH -- Write current block to disk if dirty.
FREEBLKS? a b -- List free blocks between blocks a and b.
LIST n -- Prints the contents of the block n on screen
in the form of 16 lines of 64 columns.
LOAD n -- Interprets Forth code from block n
LOAD+ n -- Relative load. Loads active block + n.
LOADR n1 n2 -- Load block range between n1 and n2, inclusive.
LOADR+ n1 n2 -- Relative ranged load.
WIPE -- Empties current block
WIPED? -- f Whether current block is empty